Contraception needs to be discussed from a different perspective - to be rewritten as a health issue. The increased usage of contraception has contributed to a new understanding of the role of sexual intercourse, the family and the notion of responsible parenthood - all of which bear intimately on the functioning of society as a whole. The most ethical choice in contraception is the one an informed patient makes, based on their individual clinical needs, and their core values . Methods. CONTRACEPTION & ITS ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Dr Yasmin Tariq Dr Tarique Ahmed Maka 2. 95% of emergency contraception is the emergency pill despite the IUD being more effective and sustainable. An individual should be the one to determine his/her fertility and should be able to control his/her fecundity 3. Opposed to this school is the ovulation-testing school, which insists that, as well as a pregnancy test, a simple urine dipstick test together with any personal data on the woman's ovarian cycle . San Antonio contraceptive study: In 1971, an oral contraceptive study was conducted on 70 poor Mexican-American women to evaluate the efficacy . Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine 28:10. Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research. Contraception and its ethical considerations Kanda Rogers Shreelata Datta Abstract A variety of contraceptive methods have been developed, both medical and surgical, which match the changing requirement of women as they progress through their reproductive years. Marie Hilliard, "Dignitas Personae and Emergency Contraception," Ethics and Medics 34 . A code of conduct is a set of expectations the . Ethics searches for reasons for acting or refraining from acting; for approving or not approving conduct; for believing or denying something about virtuous or vicious conduct or good or evil rules. Qualitative data is essentially non-numerical data. The Ethics of Contraception Essay. The arguments against contraceptives varied, but the church's stance was quite clear, though the issue was never para-mount in the church's . Medical ethics and contraception. 1 The Pharmacist Code of Ethics and the Oath of a Pharmacist tell us that the pharmacist's primary concern is the welfare and dignity of the . 7.2 Act-utilitarian Considerations. You'd think that there would be an ethical impetus for the . Reversible sterilisation. Abstract This presentation outlines three commonly encountered scenarios and the ethical and legal issues that may affect the choice of contraceptive. In the situation under consideration, if there were a likelihood that a fertilized egg were present and if there were a likelihood that Plan B has an abortifacient effect, then the example and the obligation to take the safer course would be applicable. Although contraception is widely practiced globally by . Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices. The importance of ethical considerations in research has been . The focus . Ethical values are essential for any healthcare provider. Ethical Considerations Read the assigned article, Informed Consent for Emergency Contraception: Variability in Hospital Care of Rape Victims. Review the Brownfield v. Daniel Freeman Marina Hospital case summary. How contraceptives work, specifically, the contraceptive methods that . Ethics of Personal, Bodily Autonomy. It's arguable that a right to abortion is a right to control one's body and the death of the fetus is an unavoidable consequence of choosing not to continue a pregnancy. Only one relevant large Ethical Principles: Autonomy - the right/freedom to decide (the patient has the right to refuse despite the explanation of the nurse) Example: surgery, or any procedure. As such, counseling about an individual's values, preferences, and goals is a frequent and important interaction between ob-gyns and patients. First, we should understand any . According to Bryman and Bell (2007) [1] the following ten points represent the most important principles related to ethical considerations in dissertations: Retrieved November . Before addressing the specific topic of Catholic sexual morality, it may be helpful if I outline some very general assumptions which inform the exposition. The recent debate over contraception between Fr. Although sterilization is among the most straightforward surgical procedures an obstetrician-gynecologist performs, it is enormously complex when considered from a historical, sociological, or ethical . . Justifications of contraception 1. Therefore, targeting hCG with vaccines will require much more research to become a realistic alternative to established birth control methods. It matters whether the policy choice is made, or the promotional activity about contraception is undertaken, by individual healthcare professionals at a local level or by more remote state-sponsored actors, because the relationship . Bribery is a complicated, multi-dimensional issue. Young adults are targeted because of reasons like peer pressure and hormonal . Nevertheless, the court did not accept this moral distinction as relevant for its ruling. Injection or "shot" Women get shots of the hormone progestin in the buttocks or arm every three months from their doctor. The principle not only ensures that participants take part in the study voluntarily, but also guarantees they are informed and . There are very few ethical disputes that arouse the passion and bitterness of its protagonists as much as the abortion controversy. Ethical clearance was obtained from World Health Organization Institutional Review Board (Protocol WHO A65892 core) and . LARC background. ABSTRACT: Sterilization is the most common method of contraception among married couples, with nearly twice as many couples choosing female partner sterilization over male sterilization. Research protocols for CTIMPs must conform to regulatory and legal frameworks and be reviewed and approved by RECs before proceeding.1, 2 Little formal guidance exists as to how RECs might address proposals to conduct safety and efficacy trials of contraceptive agents in young people under the age of 16. Introduction. Download Citation | Contraception and its ethical considerations | A variety of contraceptive methods have been developed, both medical and surgical, which match the changing requirement of women . Other ethical considerations in research refer to accountability towards the general public by protecting the human or animal subjects used in the study. What are ethical considerations in business? Ethics comes from the Greek word "ethos," meaning character. The ethical considerations of this issue are providing an emergency contraception and the access to emergency contraceptive to the victim of sexual assault such as the oral synthetic hormone or Plan B, the common type of emergency contraception known as morning after pill. Contraception is defined as any method that is used to prevent pregnancy and it can come in a few different forms. You owe the same duty of confidentiality to a young person as to an adult; however, this may be breached if the patient is at risk of abuse. The ethics of providing EC has been questioned by some, arguing that it acts by preventing implantation. 2018 Elsevier Ltd. . Ethical Considerations. Furthermore, it is not appropriate for strict contraception requirements to be used as a means to circumvent the need for preclinical studies. The UNMC IRB's policy on contraceptive use in research is generally described as a solution to "the dilemma of including women of childbearing potential in research and protecting potential fetuses from harm." 7 For drugs with no potential to harm fetuses, however, this dilemma does not exist. Patient autonomy and parental rights are two primary ethical concerns involving access to emergency contraception, which was recently approved with over-the-counter status without age restriction. This review looks at common contraceptive options and the present day ethical dilemmas faced when prescribing and counselling patients. 1232 Words. Ethical considerations. That people have some ethical claim to personal, bodily autonomy must be regarded as fundamental to the conception of any ethical . Conservatives steadfastly urge that the conceptus [1] has the same moral status as other human beings. Ethical values are universal rules of conduct that provide a practical basis for identifying what kinds of actions, intentions, and motives are valued. [1] Ethics are moral principles that govern how the person or a group will behave or conduct themselves. The principle of informed consent requires a doctor to make sure that the patient is aware of, and has genuinely understood the hazards and benefits of various methods of contraception . These principles include voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, potential for harm, and results communication. Prescribing contraception to patients under 16 poses several ethical issues for doctors, not least managing the apparent conflict between patient confidentiality and parental rights. LARCs are the most effective forms of contraception available.1 7 While only 1/1000 women become pregnant within the first year of typical IUD use, 9/100 women using oral contraceptive pills and 18/100 women using only male condoms will become pregnant within 1 year of typical use.8 Overall, adolescents are twice as likely as women over age 21 to become unintentionally . "Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy" (Autonomy: 2010, July). Emergency Contraception: Law & Ethics. 5 Pages. Autonomy is a very powerful aspect of ethical framework of almost all over the world. Confidentiality. Nevertheless, the court did not accept this moral distinction as relevant for its ruling . Barrier methods prevent sperm cells from . Contraception and abortion. Availability of Contraceptives to Minors; Substance Abusers/Users of Controlled Substances; Paediatrics; Public Health Ethics; Alcohol and other drug (AOD) use among pregnant adolescents is not a rare phenomenon, with an estimated rate of illicit drug use in pregnant women aged 15-17 of 14.6%, leading to 10 984-12 618 affected pregnancies annually in 2012 and 2013.1, 2 The combination of . Those "contraceptive" measures that operate solely through the prevention of implantation are morally equivalent to abortions in Catholic moral theology, and are . Obstetricians and gynaecologists play a key role in counselling women. Since their development, contraceptive techniques and their widespread use have caused some controversy between groups with different views on the issue. The education system is trying to aid the student who are sexually active by educating the minors. The common thread in these arguments against contraception and condom use, going all the way back to Humanae Vitae, is a notion of technology divorced from ethics.It's a critique not of condoms . THE ETHICS OF CONTRACEPTION: A THEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT DENNIS P. HOLLINGER* For most of its history the Christian church has viewed the use of contracep-tives in family planning with moral suspicion. Typical use failure rate: 4%. 1. (Below) Review Requirements. Contraception and its ethical considerations - Morgan, Sinead, Datta, Shreelata Thomas Euteneuer of Human Life International and nationally syndicated talk-show host Sean Hannity has brought to center stage an issue which most . There are important considerations from medical ethics that might explain why a birth control pill for men has not happened yet. These principles include voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, potential for harm, and results communication. . According to a nurse, the biggest ethical, legal and the professional issue here is autonomy of the patient. The World Health Organization is helping to resolve ethical problems of . Although emergency contraception is available over the counter to women as young as 17 years old, many adolescent patients find themselves in the emergency department following unprotected intercourse. Download Citation | Contraception and its ethical considerations | Access to appropriate contraception not only has direct benefits for women's health and wellbeing but also has a broader positive . Protecting human participants in research is our top priority and has been given great consideration in the ethical conduct of research because the exact risks and benefits of research are uncertain. Literature methodoLogy The Cochrane Library was searched for relevant studies and articles using the keywords 'contraception', 'adolescent' and 'disability'. The United States (US) Census Bureau estimates of youth, under the age 18, comprised 24.0 percent of the total US population (US Census Bureau, 2013). Once a company has its ethical code in place, it can use the ethical code to develop other guidelines, like its code of conduct. 2012;37 (11):60-62. Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data . Types of contraception and medical issues. With a topic as politically fraught as contraception, shifting the focus to health considerations allows people to distance themselves from political agendas and reconsider the issue of open access to contraception in a new light. Legal contracts should be in place to . High ethical standards must be maintained, with attention to such aspects as the choice of human subjects to avoid double standards or discriminatory practices. . The ethical principles that support contraception being given to minors is beneficence which focuses on improving the greater good. Despite a slight overall decline since its peak in 1990, the birth rate among U.S. adolescents is the highest among industrialized nations [2]. The main issues that raise ethical . The low level of contraceptive knowledge, particularly on contraceptive fears as revealed by the study demonstrate critical gaps in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge among young people. Indeed, virtually all major denominations in America support the morality of contraception as a personal and family decisionone that helps to ensure responsible parenthood and healthy families . . US Pharm. EC is indicated when there is non-compliance or accidents with the use of regular methods of contraception, or when women have had voluntary or imposed unprotected intercourse. One should be able to decide how many children one is able to bear and support 4. The politicization of contraceptive development and testing impedes consideration of the ethical issues. The way that individuals are affected by the conduct of others . Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data . . Similarly, appropriate usage of public funds and gaining public support are also important. Those "contraceptive" measures that operate solely through the prevention of implantation are morally equivalent to abortions in Catholic moral theology, and are therefore impermissible under the Ethical and Religious Directives (both then and now). Some of the most common ethical issues in international business include outsourcing, working standards and conditions, workplace diversity and equal opportunity, child labor, trust and integrity, supervisory oversight, human rights, religion, the political arena, the environment, bribery and corruption. Those "contraceptive" measures that operate solely through the prevention of implantation are morally equivalent to abortions in Catholic moral theology, and are therefore impermissible under the Ethical and Religious Directives (both then and now). A recent decision from the Illinois Court of Appeals could have the potential to change the ethos of the profession of pharmacy. In opposition, liberals just as vehemently make the counterclaim that the conceptus is not a human being, and so has correspondingly no or considerably less . 1. The modifiable barrier of unnecessarily strict contraceptive requirement could be addressed with a risk-based, tailored method to contraception requirements in clinical trials. We will also present the Islamic stance on contraception with an evidence-based approach considering all available sources of juristic Islamic law. From the introduction of the contraceptive pill in 1950 by Pincus and Chang, there have been many ethical considerations raised regarding contraception use. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Yet, the ethical questions arising from contraception are by no means confined to questions of health. Ethical issues tend to fall into three categories: those concerning consequences (utilitarianism, situation ethics), those concerning rights (which could be derived from a number of perspectives including Kantian, Natural Law and Mill's Rule Utilitarianism) and those concerning what it means to be human . It is both imprudent and immoral to rely on abortion as a method of contraception, in ordinary circumstances. It is well recognised that women are using contraceptives for longer than their . As such, allowing researchers to petition the . Abstract. Ethical Considerations Read the assigned article , "Informed Consent for Emergency Contraception: Variability in Hospital Care of Rape Victims." Review the Brownfield v. . The purpose of this paper is to consider the ethical and legal issues posed by such . Upon first glance, most westerners would immediately condemn it as an underhanded, unfair means of gaining an advantage in a competitive or legal situation, and so it is in virtually every case in the westernized world. An ethical code is not a set of procedures but a set of guiding principles to which the company's employees refer when making ethical considerations in business. DOI: 10.1016/J.OGRM.2014.11.002 Corpus ID: 72924893; Contraception and its ethical considerations @article{Rogers2015ContraceptionAI, title={Contraception and its ethical considerations}, author={Kandace Rogers and Shreelata Datta}, journal={Obstetrics, Gynaecology \& Reproductive Medicine}, year={2015}, volume={25}, pages={49-56} } Abstinence. Typical use failure rate: 0.1%. There are many ethical aspects which derive from the application of reproduction control in women's health. What are the ethical issues surrounding contraception? Examples of ethical considerations. Examples of qualitative research methods are questionnaires, interviews and observations. Young women may not understand how emergency contraception works and how it is different from nonemergency contraception. Findings There is an ethical difference between raising awareness/informational provision and actively promoting or prioritising specific contraceptive methods. Women's health can be enhanced if women are given the opportunity to make their own reproduction choices about sex, contraception, abortion and application of reproductive technologies. Combined oral contraceptives Also called "the pill," combined oral contraceptives contain the hormones estrogen and progestin. Mass birth-control programmes. Sinead Morga, Shreelata Datta. Contraception and its ethical considerations. It is . But there are many legal, ethical and medical considerations. Practice nurses are ideally placed to take a prominent role in advising clients and providing them with their chosen . Issues surrounding Contraception. The distinctions are these. There's the ethical consideration about how the availability of birth control encourages couples to engage in premarital sex, and subsequent ramifications that can include unplanned pregnancy, compounded by leading one to consider the moral ethical issue of abortion. Contraception and its ethical considerations Sinead Morgan Shreelata Datta Abstract Access to appropriate contraception not only has direct benets for women's health and wellbeing but also has a broader positive impact on society as a whole. However, the issue becomes much more complicated in the international context, particularly in developing nations, where . Parenthood and birth are matters of moral responsibility and intelligent choice. Decisions regarding . It is vital for women to have access to contraception after abortion and to discuss the various methods with their nurse. Dissertations may even be doomed to failure if this part is missing. In these contexts, it refers to the capacity . care providers may find themselves unprepared for the legal and ethical dilemmas surrounding sexual and reproductive health issues, such as contraception or abortion. Qualitative research involves studying ideas and conceptual findings that relate to behaviour in-depth, leading to collecting qualitative data. Even though the hCG vaccine is not yet fully effective, this era of widespread interest in cheap and effective birth control, coupled with a concern for overpopulation, may well . It is imprudent because the morbidity and mortality rates are higher for abortion at all phases of . In research, ethical consideration is an important principle to which researchers must adhere so as to maintain scientific integrity, uphold research validity, and protect the rights of participants in research study. 6.4 Ethical considerations can be addressed at individual and at societal levels. Its effectiveness decreases the longer after coitus it is taken. Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the research. The legal and ethical considerations are also highlighted here, as this group of adolescents is highly vulnerable to sexual exploitation and abuse. Awareness of ethical & legal issues related to contraception Women's preferences Cultural Values . Providing patient-centered contraceptive counseling is an opportunity for ob-gyns to help patients obtain contraceptive methods that best suit their values, needs, and priorities. (Below) Brownfield v. Daniel Freeman Marina Hospital Ascension Health (2007) Brownfield v. Daniel Freeman Marina Hospital. In this article, we will study the main ethical and religious issues associated with the use of modern contraceptive methods. The health and well being of both the surrogate mother and child needs to be the first priority. Open Document. 2. important ethical distinctions between contraception and abortion. Nonmaleficence - the duty not to harm/cause harm or inflict harm to others (harm maybe physical, financial or social) Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices.